In Silico Biophysical Developability Predictor Benchmark
This report details the cross-validated performance of AbLead's in silico developability prediction engine, trained on the 137 clinical-stage antibodies from Jain et al. (2017) comparing With Structure (Seq + 3D Struct) and Sequence Only (DeepSP) models.
Side-by-Side Benchmark Performance (LOOCV)
| Biophysical Assay | LOOCV ρ (With Struct) | LOOCV ρ (Seq Only) | ROC-AUC (With Struct) | ROC-AUC (Seq Only) | Top Drivers (With Struct) | Top Drivers (Seq Only) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hydrophobicity (HIC RT min) | +0.602 | +0.567 | 0.710 | 0.718 | SAP_pos_CDR, SCM_pos_CDRH2 |
SAP_pos_CDR, SCM_pos_CDRH2 |
| Colloidal Stability (SMAC RT min) | +0.577 | +0.538 | 0.702 | 0.715 | SAP_pos_CDRH2, H3 |
SAP_pos_CDR, H3 |
| Self-Association (AC-SINS Δλmax nm) | +0.412 | +0.412 | 0.589 | 0.589 | SCM_neg_CDRH2, pI (Bjellqvist) |
SCM_neg_CDRH2, pI (Bjellqvist) |
| Self-Association (SGAC-SINS mM) | +0.547 | +0.477 | 0.661 | 0.671 | SAP_pos_CDR, SAP_pos_Hv |
SAP_pos_CDR, SAP_pos_Hv |
| Polyreactivity (PSR SMP Score) | +0.415 | +0.415 | 0.750 | 0.750 | pI (Bjellqvist), SCM_neg_CDRH1 |
pI (Bjellqvist), SCM_neg_CDRH1 |
| Polyreactivity (BVP ELISA Score) | +0.509 | +0.467 | 0.851 | 0.850 | AbLang2 FR, SCM_pos_CDR |
SCM_pos_CDR, AbLang2 FR |
| Cross-Interaction (CIC RT min) | +0.527 | +0.543 | 0.760 | 0.756 | SCM_neg_CDRL1, SCM_neg_Lv |
L3, SCM_neg_CDRH1 |
| Thermostability (DSF Fab Tm °C) | +0.401 | +0.401 | 0.637 | 0.637 | AbLang2 Full, H2 |
AbLang2 Full, H2 |
| Expression Titer (HEK mg/L) | +0.417 | +0.417 | 0.687 | 0.687 | AbLang FR, IgBert FR |
AbLang FR, IgBert FR |
| Viscosity (150 mg/mL, cP) | +0.492 | +0.461 | 0.784 | 0.737 | SAP_pos_Fv, SCM_pos_CDR |
SAP_pos_Fv, IgBert Full |
Four-Quadrant Clinical Triage Methodology & Color Legend
Rather than evaluating developability strictly as a continuous linear regression, benchmark evaluations are structured as Four-Quadrant Clinical Triage Plots bisected along both axes by the Clinical Liability Threshold (\(p_{90}\) for liability traits like HIC, SMAC, AC-SINS, Viscosity; \(p_{10}\) for favorable traits like \(T_m\) and Titer), accompanied by a \(\pm 0.75\,\sigma_{\text{assay}}\) Concordance Corridor around the identity line:
- ● True Clean (Green Circle): Predicted clean and experimentally confirmed clean. Safe to advance in lead optimization.
- ■ True Liability Caught (Crimson Square): Predicted liability and experimentally confirmed severe liability. Successfully flagged and eliminated in silico.
- ▲ False Alarm (Gold Triangle): Predicted liability but experimentally clean. Over-conservative flag (acceptable trade-off in early library enrichment).
- ✖ Slipped Liability (Purple Cross): Predicted clean but experimentally a severe liability. This is why characterization assays will still be needed after initial lead panel reduction.
Feature Insights by Biophysical Property
Hydrophobicity (HIC RT min)
- With Structure: Spearman ρ =
+0.602, Pearson r =+0.358, Liability ROC-AUC =0.710 - Sequence Only: Spearman ρ =
+0.567, Pearson r =+0.343, Liability ROC-AUC =0.718 - Structural Model Weights:
DeepSP: SAP_pos_CDR: +0.5020DeepSP: SCM_pos_CDRH2: -0.4099Surface Properties: SPN: -0.3335pI: pI (Bjellqvist): -0.2744DeepSP: SCM_neg_CDRH2: -0.1751DeepSP: SAP_pos_CDRH1: -0.0958
- Sequence-Only Model Weights:
DeepSP: SAP_pos_CDR: +0.8404DeepSP: SCM_pos_CDRH2: -0.5191DeepSP: SAP_pos_Fv: -0.3205DeepSP: SCM_neg_CDRH2: -0.2687DeepSP: SCM_pos_CDRL2: -0.1878
Colloidal Stability (SMAC RT min)
- With Structure: Spearman ρ =
+0.577, Pearson r =+0.284, Liability ROC-AUC =0.702 - Sequence Only: Spearman ρ =
+0.538, Pearson r =+0.261, Liability ROC-AUC =0.715 - Structural Model Weights:
DeepSP: SAP_pos_CDRH2: +0.4524CDR Length (North): H3: +0.3160Surface Properties: SPN: -0.2814DeepSP: SAP_pos_CDR: +0.2305DeepSP: SCM_pos_CDR: -0.1898DeepSP: SCM_neg_Lv: +0.0811
- Sequence-Only Model Weights:
DeepSP: SAP_pos_CDR: +0.4418CDR Length (North): H3: +0.3856DeepSP: SCM_neg_CDRH1: -0.2285DeepSP: SCM_pos_CDRL2: -0.2210DeepSP: SCM_pos_CDRH2: -0.1310
Self-Association (AC-SINS Δλmax nm)
- With Structure: Spearman ρ =
+0.412, Pearson r =+0.195, Liability ROC-AUC =0.589 - Sequence Only: Spearman ρ =
+0.412, Pearson r =+0.195, Liability ROC-AUC =0.589 - Structural Model Weights:
DeepSP: SCM_neg_CDRH2: -1.1554pI: pI (Bjellqvist): +0.8592
- Sequence-Only Model Weights:
DeepSP: SCM_neg_CDRH2: -1.1554pI: pI (Bjellqvist): +0.8592
Self-Association (SGAC-SINS mM)
- With Structure: Spearman ρ =
+0.547, Pearson r =+0.360, Liability ROC-AUC =0.661 - Sequence Only: Spearman ρ =
+0.477, Pearson r =+0.329, Liability ROC-AUC =0.671 - Structural Model Weights:
DeepSP: SAP_pos_CDR: -169.8280DeepSP: SAP_pos_Hv: +128.6042Surface Properties: SPN: +98.9797CDR Length (North): L3: -95.7968DeepSP: SAP_pos_CDRL3: +63.5710pI: pI (Bjellqvist): +28.8756
- Sequence-Only Model Weights:
DeepSP: SAP_pos_CDR: -195.8135DeepSP: SAP_pos_Hv: +140.7063CDR Length (North): L3: -90.0946DeepSP: SAP_pos_CDRL3: +62.7099DeepSP: SCM_neg_CDRH1: +61.5034
Polyreactivity (PSR SMP Score)
- With Structure: Spearman ρ =
+0.415, Pearson r =+0.314, Liability ROC-AUC =0.750 - Sequence Only: Spearman ρ =
+0.415, Pearson r =+0.314, Liability ROC-AUC =0.750 - Structural Model Weights:
pI: pI (Bjellqvist): +0.0515DeepSP: SCM_neg_CDRH1: -0.0301
- Sequence-Only Model Weights:
pI: pI (Bjellqvist): +0.0515DeepSP: SCM_neg_CDRH1: -0.0301
Polyreactivity (BVP ELISA Score)
- With Structure: Spearman ρ =
+0.509, Pearson r =+0.416, Liability ROC-AUC =0.851 - Sequence Only: Spearman ρ =
+0.467, Pearson r =+0.383, Liability ROC-AUC =0.850 - Structural Model Weights:
AbLang/AbLang2 Score: AbLang2 FR: -1.4216DeepSP: SCM_pos_CDR: +1.3691AbLang/AbLang2 Score: IgBert Full: +1.0548CDR Length (North): CDR Sum: +0.9641Surface Properties: SPP: +0.3402DeepSP: SCM_pos_CDRH1: +0.3352DeepSP: SCM_neg_Lv: -0.2965
- Sequence-Only Model Weights:
DeepSP: SCM_pos_CDR: +1.9562AbLang/AbLang2 Score: AbLang2 FR: -1.2333AbLang/AbLang2 Score: IgBert Full: +0.7677DeepSP: SCM_neg_CDRH3: +0.4871
Cross-Interaction (CIC RT min)
- With Structure: Spearman ρ =
+0.527, Pearson r =+0.376, Liability ROC-AUC =0.760 - Sequence Only: Spearman ρ =
+0.543, Pearson r =+0.471, Liability ROC-AUC =0.756 - Structural Model Weights:
DeepSP: SCM_neg_CDRL1: -0.3153DeepSP: SCM_neg_Lv: +0.2655DeepSP: SCM_neg_CDRH1: -0.2273AbLang/AbLang2 Score: AbLang FR: -0.1879Surface Properties: SPN: -0.1187DeepSP: SAP_pos_CDRL2: +0.1165
- Sequence-Only Model Weights:
CDR Length (North): L3: +0.2254DeepSP: SCM_neg_CDRH1: -0.2250DeepSP: SAP_pos_CDRL2: +0.1828AbLang/AbLang2 Score: IgBert Full: +0.1824AbLang/AbLang2 Score: AbLang2 FR: -0.1763AbLang/AbLang2 Score: AbLang Full: -0.1753pI: pI (Bjellqvist): +0.1627
Thermostability (DSF Fab Tm °C)
- With Structure: Spearman ρ =
+0.401, Pearson r =+0.432, Liability ROC-AUC =0.637 - Sequence Only: Spearman ρ =
+0.401, Pearson r =+0.432, Liability ROC-AUC =0.637 - Structural Model Weights:
AbLang/AbLang2 Score: AbLang2 Full: +1.2380CDR Length (North): H2: -1.0319AbLang/AbLang2 Score: IgBert Full: -0.9021DeepSP: SAP_pos_CDRL2: +0.8000DeepSP: SAP_pos_CDRL3: +0.7033DeepSP: SCM_neg_CDRL2: -0.4507
- Sequence-Only Model Weights:
AbLang/AbLang2 Score: AbLang2 Full: +1.2380CDR Length (North): H2: -1.0319AbLang/AbLang2 Score: IgBert Full: -0.9021DeepSP: SAP_pos_CDRL2: +0.8000DeepSP: SAP_pos_CDRL3: +0.7033DeepSP: SCM_neg_CDRL2: -0.4507
Expression Titer (HEK mg/L)
- With Structure: Spearman ρ =
+0.417, Pearson r =+0.349, Liability ROC-AUC =0.687 - Sequence Only: Spearman ρ =
+0.417, Pearson r =+0.349, Liability ROC-AUC =0.687 - Structural Model Weights:
AbLang/AbLang2 Score: AbLang FR: -20.5649AbLang/AbLang2 Score: IgBert FR: +17.3603DeepSP: SCM_pos_CDRL1: -10.8147DeepSP: SCM_neg_CDRL1: +9.8121AbLang/AbLang2 Score: CVV FR: -7.4888
- Sequence-Only Model Weights:
AbLang/AbLang2 Score: AbLang FR: -20.5649AbLang/AbLang2 Score: IgBert FR: +17.3603DeepSP: SCM_pos_CDRL1: -10.8147DeepSP: SCM_neg_CDRL1: +9.8121AbLang/AbLang2 Score: CVV FR: -7.4888
Viscosity (150 mg/mL, cP)
- With Structure: Spearman ρ =
+0.492, Pearson r =+0.302, Liability ROC-AUC =0.784 - Sequence Only: Spearman ρ =
+0.461, Pearson r =+0.273, Liability ROC-AUC =0.737 - Structural Model Weights:
DeepSP: SAP_pos_Fv: +7.4795DeepSP: SCM_pos_CDR: +6.8753AbLang/AbLang2 Score: IgBert Full: +5.4399Surface Properties: SPN: +3.9465DeepSP: SCM_pos_CDRH3: -3.4260AbLang/AbLang2 Score: CVV FR: -2.3374
- Sequence-Only Model Weights:
DeepSP: SAP_pos_Fv: +7.3482AbLang/AbLang2 Score: IgBert Full: +5.6551DeepSP: SCM_pos_CDR: +3.1955AbLang/AbLang2 Score: CVV FR: -3.0866
Actual vs. Predicted Biophysical Readouts (Jain et al. 2017, N=137)
The table below details experimental clinical measurements (Act) alongside leave-one-out cross-validated (LOOCV) model predictions (Pred) across all 137 clinical-stage therapeutic antibodies from Jain et al. (2017).
Closeness Color-Coding Methodology
Because each biophysical assay operates across different physical scales, measurement units, and dynamic ranges, prediction accuracy is evaluated using the Standardized Absolute Error normalized by the assay population standard deviation (\(\sigma_{\text{assay}}\)):
\[\text{Normalized Error} = \frac{|\text{Predicted} - \text{Actual}|}{\sigma_{\text{assay}}}\]
Predictions are color-coded in accordance with AbLead's standard severity color system:
- Close Agreement: \(\text{Normalized Error} \le 0.5\,\sigma\) (within \(\approx 10\text{–}15\%\) of dataset range). Highly accurate; well within typical experimental assay repeatability variance.
- Moderate Deviation: \(0.5\,\sigma < \text{Normalized Error} \le 1.0\,\sigma\). Moderate discrepancy; captures general ranking and correct clinical liability quartile.
- Outlier / High Deviation: \(\text{Normalized Error} > 1.0\,\sigma\). Significant divergence between predicted in silico score and physical in vitro measurement.
Assay Standard Deviations (Normalization Baseline)
- HIC RT: \(\sigma = 2.09\text{ min}\) • SMAC RT: \(\sigma = 3.03\text{ min}\) • AC-SINS: \(\sigma = 10.36\text{ nm}\) • SGAC-SINS: \(\sigma = 318.06\text{ mM}\) • BVP ELISA: \(\sigma = 4.31\)
- PSR SMP: \(\sigma = 0.20\) • CIC RT: \(\sigma = 0.84\text{ min}\) • DSF Fab \(T_m\): \(\sigma = 5.84^\circ\text{C}\) • HEK Titer: \(\sigma = 62.41\text{ mg/L}\)
| Antibody | HIC Act | HIC Pred | SMAC Act | SMAC Pred | AC-SINS Act | AC-SINS Pred | SGAC Act | SGAC Pred | BVP Act | BVP Pred | PSR Act | PSR Pred | CIC Act | CIC Pred | DSF Tm Act | DSF Tm Pred | HEK Titer Act | HEK Titer Pred |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| abituzumab | 9.23 | 10.44 | 8.72 | 9.96 | 1.46 | 7.21 | 900.00 | 623.98 | 2.72 | 2.03 | 0.17 | 0.15 | 8.62 | 9.30 | 75.5 | 72.0 | 89.6 | 135.6 |
| abrilumab | 9.41 | 10.09 | 8.70 | 9.53 | -0.93 | 1.38 | 900.00 | 658.91 | 1.82 | 1.22 | 0.00 | -0.06 | 8.38 | 8.68 | 71.0 | 70.2 | 100.2 | 153.0 |
| adalimumab | 8.82 | 9.08 | 8.67 | 9.28 | 1.06 | 5.85 | 900.00 | 830.06 | 1.49 | 2.28 | 0.00 | 0.05 | 8.87 | 8.37 | 71.0 | 71.7 | 134.9 | 135.9 |
| alemtuzumab | 8.77 | 7.46 | 8.67 | 9.15 | -0.79 | 8.22 | 1000.00 | 767.95 | 1.46 | 6.31 | 0.00 | 0.19 | 8.51 | 8.91 | 74.5 | 66.1 | 144.7 | 133.2 |
| alirocumab | 9.04 | 10.13 | 8.68 | 9.65 | 1.23 | 7.47 | 900.00 | 703.63 | 2.18 | 5.32 | 0.00 | 0.15 | 8.76 | 9.25 | 71.5 | 71.4 | 69.2 | 104.3 |
| anifrolumab | 8.80 | 10.69 | 8.63 | 9.87 | -0.56 | 6.03 | 700.00 | 619.97 | 1.62 | 0.32 | 0.00 | 0.13 | 8.49 | 9.08 | 62.5 | 69.5 | 82.0 | 159.4 |
| atezolizumab | 13.35 | 10.45 | 19.28 | 9.14 | 14.97 | 7.17 | 300.00 | 539.25 | 6.20 | 9.23 | 0.07 | 0.14 | 10.76 | 9.50 | 73.5 | 74.8 | 164.1 | 156.3 |
| bapineuzumab | 8.86 | 9.81 | 8.65 | 9.63 | -0.73 | 7.96 | 1000.00 | 661.59 | 3.55 | 4.69 | 0.00 | 0.18 | 8.62 | 9.24 | 73.0 | 70.8 | 151.1 | 153.3 |
| basiliximab | 9.58 | 9.81 | 8.58 | 9.33 | 28.76 | 7.95 | 0.00 | 1036.80 | 2.14 | 6.11 | 0.40 | 0.22 | 9.45 | 9.31 | 60.5 | 69.1 | 107.5 | 153.5 |
| bavituximab | 11.50 | 10.37 | 12.69 | 9.96 | 29.85 | 5.21 | 0.00 | 641.45 | 1.69 | 4.51 | 0.56 | 0.10 | 11.39 | 9.21 | 59.5 | 68.2 | 45.1 | 132.6 |
| belimumab | 10.46 | 12.34 | 9.27 | 11.79 | 0.77 | 6.74 | 800.00 | 170.87 | 12.23 | 5.80 | 0.00 | 0.15 | 8.59 | 9.11 | 60.0 | 68.7 | 10.5 | 124.1 |
| benralizumab | 9.47 | 9.63 | 9.09 | 10.05 | 5.98 | 7.52 | 800.00 | 809.60 | 1.42 | 2.16 | 0.35 | 0.19 | 9.63 | 8.40 | 76.0 | 71.4 | 146.7 | 156.7 |
| bevacizumab | 11.77 | 10.84 | 11.07 | 10.42 | 0.79 | 6.68 | 700.00 | 601.66 | 2.78 | 4.86 | 0.00 | 0.14 | 9.82 | 9.50 | 63.5 | 72.5 | 50.0 | 166.3 |
| bimagrumab | 10.12 | 10.47 | 8.83 | 9.52 | 29.65 | 8.71 | 0.00 | 463.57 | 5.33 | 7.09 | 0.70 | 0.23 | 12.33 | 9.67 | 72.0 | 71.2 | 150.2 | 152.7 |
| blosozumab | 9.24 | 9.45 | 8.63 | 9.36 | 11.47 | -1.07 | 600.00 | 752.86 | 12.85 | 4.30 | 0.21 | -0.11 | 8.87 | 8.35 | 70.5 | 71.8 | 120.0 | 156.0 |
| bococizumab | 10.18 | 9.78 | 9.11 | 10.13 | 29.65 | 8.56 | 0.00 | 653.44 | 18.88 | 5.62 | 0.76 | 0.23 | 10.60 | 9.39 | 67.0 | 71.6 | 95.8 | 140.2 |
| brentuximab | 10.54 | 10.70 | 8.68 | 9.42 | -0.54 | 4.83 | 800.00 | 818.07 | 2.24 | 1.96 | 0.25 | -0.02 | 8.55 | 8.63 | 72.0 | 69.5 | 268.1 | 160.3 |
| briakinumab | 9.36 | 10.25 | 8.74 | 9.49 | 29.65 | 8.59 | 0.00 | 355.73 | 10.22 | 5.85 | 0.56 | 0.23 | 10.39 | 9.89 | 71.5 | 72.3 | 122.0 | 147.3 |
| brodalumab | 9.08 | 9.79 | 8.74 | 9.53 | 11.21 | 8.45 | 900.00 | 700.09 | 2.93 | 2.04 | 0.27 | 0.21 | 8.97 | 9.32 | 74.5 | 69.8 | 150.9 | 167.2 |
| canakinumab | 9.32 | 10.73 | 8.73 | 10.33 | 0.67 | 4.60 | 800.00 | 639.19 | 2.55 | 3.26 | 0.00 | 0.14 | 8.63 | 9.12 | 72.0 | 72.5 | 45.7 | 105.3 |
| carlumab | 11.17 | 11.82 | 9.31 | 13.37 | -0.44 | 5.23 | 700.00 | 507.86 | 8.88 | 3.40 | 0.21 | 0.06 | 8.62 | 9.02 | 69.5 | 70.2 | 243.3 | 173.2 |
| certolizumab | 11.48 | 10.81 | 10.81 | 10.95 | 0.16 | 6.43 | 500.00 | 586.61 | 1.65 | 2.12 | 0.00 | 0.12 | 9.31 | 9.63 | 81.5 | 76.0 | 186.7 | 136.7 |
| cetuximab | 10.11 | 11.12 | 8.91 | 10.13 | 1.30 | 7.24 | 400.00 | 629.90 | 1.09 | 0.99 | 0.00 | 0.16 | 8.91 | 9.54 | 68.5 | 71.2 | 109.2 | 113.6 |
| cixutumumab | 11.76 | 12.08 | 10.72 | 14.54 | 29.65 | 7.65 | 0.00 | 345.95 | 11.90 | 6.75 | 0.66 | 0.18 | 9.66 | 9.58 | 73.5 | 69.1 | 154.3 | 170.4 |
| clazakizumab | 9.57 | 9.46 | 8.87 | 9.42 | 0.93 | 4.57 | 800.00 | 511.09 | 4.12 | 2.74 | 0.00 | 0.08 | 8.73 | 8.69 | 69.5 | 72.6 | 113.5 | 142.7 |
| codrituzumab | 8.84 | 10.05 | 8.59 | 9.01 | -0.29 | 5.97 | 1000.00 | 673.95 | 14.87 | 5.44 | 0.15 | 0.12 | 8.45 | 8.85 | 73.0 | 71.1 | 66.3 | 108.4 |
| crenezumab | 10.03 | 10.63 | 8.70 | 9.10 | 6.37 | 7.06 | 700.00 | 560.15 | 2.78 | 1.25 | 0.10 | 0.13 | 8.90 | 9.15 | 72.0 | 70.1 | 149.3 | 153.6 |
| dacetuzumab | 8.47 | 10.36 | 8.61 | 9.42 | -0.01 | 8.43 | 1000.00 | 666.40 | 1.34 | 3.29 | 0.00 | 0.22 | 8.47 | 9.41 | 68.0 | 71.1 | 128.5 | 118.2 |
| daclizumab | 9.29 | 10.19 | 8.75 | 9.43 | -0.11 | 6.75 | 900.00 | 626.46 | 1.41 | 5.30 | 0.00 | 0.16 | 8.48 | 9.19 | 74.0 | 72.3 | 245.1 | 153.5 |
| dalotuzumab | 9.89 | 10.31 | 8.70 | 9.58 | 13.68 | 7.73 | 800.00 | 624.82 | 8.25 | 6.60 | 0.40 | 0.19 | 9.12 | 9.55 | 77.0 | 75.0 | 82.4 | 116.1 |
| daratumumab | 9.51 | 12.04 | 8.93 | 10.93 | 1.81 | 7.52 | 800.00 | 589.10 | 3.15 | 3.16 | 0.00 | 0.15 | 8.85 | 9.41 | 71.0 | 69.9 | 233.3 | 167.7 |
| denosumab | 8.50 | 10.15 | 8.60 | 10.02 | 5.91 | 8.31 | 1000.00 | 652.66 | 17.75 | 4.16 | 0.00 | 0.21 | 8.81 | 9.57 | 69.5 | 70.4 | 134.2 | 151.2 |
| dinutuximab | 9.83 | 9.85 | 8.96 | 8.51 | 3.64 | 7.64 | 800.00 | 476.36 | 1.69 | 12.52 | 0.30 | 0.19 | 9.40 | 8.84 | 69.0 | 71.0 | 76.4 | 9.3 |
| drozitumab | 9.29 | 9.56 | 8.72 | 9.39 | 29.65 | 6.12 | 0.00 | 614.78 | 1.48 | 6.34 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 8.79 | 8.28 | 63.0 | 68.4 | 22.1 | 143.0 |
| duligotuzumab | 10.21 | 11.04 | 8.94 | 10.30 | 29.65 | 2.61 | 0.00 | 641.83 | 9.63 | 1.64 | 0.33 | -0.06 | 9.53 | 9.69 | 67.5 | 74.6 | 192.6 | 156.1 |
| dupilumab | 10.16 | 11.05 | 9.01 | 10.26 | 10.80 | 7.27 | 700.00 | 358.74 | 19.27 | 8.66 | 0.15 | 0.14 | 9.75 | 9.38 | 76.5 | 71.9 | 163.5 | 130.5 |
| eculizumab | 10.41 | 11.28 | 9.28 | 10.77 | 0.04 | 5.96 | 700.00 | 450.50 | 3.00 | 4.38 | 0.00 | 0.08 | 8.50 | 9.47 | 66.0 | 71.3 | 226.5 | 139.3 |
| efalizumab | 8.67 | 11.01 | 8.64 | 10.02 | 0.68 | 7.77 | 900.00 | 682.36 | 1.24 | 3.03 | 0.00 | 0.20 | 8.54 | 9.50 | 72.5 | 70.6 | 167.0 | 150.8 |
| eldelumab | 12.42 | 11.33 | 25.00 | 11.42 | 1.21 | 6.08 | 500.00 | 411.75 | 1.75 | 4.87 | 0.00 | 0.14 | 10.16 | 9.38 | 59.5 | 72.3 | 89.3 | 149.2 |
| elotuzumab | 10.31 | 11.09 | 9.29 | 10.01 | -0.22 | 5.15 | 700.00 | 625.47 | 1.26 | 4.02 | 0.00 | 0.07 | 8.47 | 9.27 | 83.5 | 69.9 | 213.2 | 172.1 |
| emibetuzumab | 9.64 | 7.83 | 8.68 | 9.54 | 29.65 | 7.87 | 0.00 | 534.20 | 8.33 | 3.80 | 0.64 | 0.17 | 9.53 | 9.18 | 71.5 | 71.2 | 98.7 | 143.0 |
| enokizumab | 12.93 | 10.70 | 10.88 | 10.34 | 1.53 | 5.51 | 600.00 | 610.05 | 3.24 | 5.03 | 0.13 | 0.08 | 9.03 | 9.19 | 68.0 | 71.4 | 239.8 | 138.3 |
| epratuzumab | 9.19 | 10.99 | 8.63 | 9.61 | 3.01 | 5.83 | 900.00 | 747.67 | 2.34 | 4.84 | 0.13 | 0.16 | 8.69 | 9.15 | 65.0 | 72.0 | 78.2 | 138.9 |
| etrolizumab | 9.32 | 9.72 | 8.77 | 9.76 | 2.02 | 7.80 | 900.00 | 865.92 | 4.23 | 1.77 | 0.42 | 0.18 | 8.77 | 8.89 | 76.0 | 73.9 | 173.8 | 167.0 |
| evolocumab | 10.36 | 9.87 | 9.13 | 9.58 | 2.24 | 7.94 | 700.00 | 649.94 | 1.75 | 4.52 | 0.20 | 0.19 | 9.25 | 9.28 | 65.0 | 67.0 | 260.7 | 176.5 |
| farletuzumab | 9.49 | 9.93 | 9.06 | 9.59 | -0.50 | 7.26 | 800.00 | 641.39 | 1.32 | 2.21 | 0.00 | 0.15 | 8.69 | 8.82 | 75.5 | 73.0 | 220.8 | 123.7 |
| fasinumab | 10.03 | 9.65 | 8.71 | 9.42 | -0.67 | -0.10 | 900.00 | 841.08 | 2.53 | 1.59 | 0.00 | -0.04 | 8.36 | 8.09 | 71.0 | 71.6 | 110.4 | 144.4 |
| fezakinumab | 11.80 | 10.74 | 13.71 | 10.11 | 2.50 | 7.51 | 600.00 | 455.66 | 2.15 | 3.51 | 0.26 | 0.17 | 11.26 | 9.42 | 69.0 | 69.7 | 141.5 | 152.2 |
| ficlatuzumab | 9.42 | 10.09 | 8.88 | 9.37 | -0.89 | 6.68 | 900.00 | 630.20 | 1.23 | 0.90 | 0.00 | 0.11 | 8.49 | 9.09 | 75.0 | 70.0 | 249.0 | 163.0 |
| figitumumab | 10.74 | 11.38 | 9.86 | 10.61 | 29.65 | 7.99 | 0.00 | 624.62 | 5.65 | 8.64 | 0.38 | 0.19 | 10.53 | 9.40 | 66.5 | 70.6 | 119.9 | 145.8 |
| fletikumab | 11.04 | 10.26 | 9.14 | 10.67 | -0.13 | 6.40 | 700.00 | 644.76 | 1.41 | 4.08 | 0.00 | 0.10 | 8.47 | 9.15 | 71.5 | 69.9 | 220.4 | 147.7 |
| foralumab | 9.84 | 9.86 | 8.57 | 10.33 | 28.09 | 8.05 | 0.00 | 553.45 | 4.71 | 4.70 | 0.37 | 0.22 | 9.32 | 9.51 | 66.0 | 70.3 | 174.4 | 166.0 |
| fresolimumab | 10.88 | 11.80 | 9.14 | 12.52 | -0.52 | 4.87 | 700.00 | 514.61 | 3.51 | 2.47 | 0.00 | 0.09 | 8.47 | 9.19 | 74.0 | 69.6 | 166.0 | 151.0 |
| fulranumab | 9.33 | 9.79 | 9.34 | 9.95 | 11.56 | 7.54 | 900.00 | 859.72 | 6.92 | 4.93 | 0.19 | 0.16 | 9.35 | 9.36 | 68.5 | 70.7 | 142.0 | 158.9 |
| galiximab | 12.20 | 11.83 | 14.77 | 10.93 | 1.09 | 7.39 | 600.00 | 453.25 | 3.81 | 6.44 | 0.00 | 0.16 | 8.87 | 9.26 | 67.5 | 69.8 | 174.1 | 126.8 |
| ganitumab | 9.33 | 10.24 | 8.77 | 9.77 | 4.77 | 7.75 | 800.00 | 584.85 | 4.91 | 4.22 | 0.55 | 0.18 | 9.48 | 9.82 | 78.5 | 73.0 | 229.4 | 155.6 |
| gantenerumab | 9.00 | 9.15 | 8.49 | 9.68 | 6.96 | 8.59 | 1000.00 | 672.01 | 22.75 | 8.24 | 0.55 | 0.22 | 8.71 | 9.32 | 77.5 | 70.2 | 162.7 | 151.9 |
| gemtuzumab | 12.26 | 10.71 | 13.93 | 10.40 | 1.02 | 7.06 | 500.00 | 620.96 | 1.70 | -0.06 | 0.00 | 0.14 | 9.11 | 8.82 | 72.5 | 73.0 | 171.3 | 146.8 |
| gevokizumab | 8.83 | 9.91 | 8.61 | 9.20 | -0.51 | 5.00 | 1000.00 | 823.00 | 1.93 | 5.81 | 0.00 | 0.17 | 8.58 | 8.83 | 71.5 | 73.2 | 136.4 | 174.8 |
| girentuximab | 9.08 | 10.21 | 8.68 | 10.09 | -0.75 | 7.63 | 1000.00 | 776.36 | 1.39 | 4.66 | 0.00 | 0.20 | 8.52 | 9.26 | 63.0 | 71.1 | 30.7 | 116.1 |
| glembatumumab | 13.68 | 9.68 | 25.00 | 10.00 | 28.88 | 7.93 | 0.00 | 553.55 | 2.22 | 3.23 | 0.17 | 0.19 | 13.50 | 9.23 | 70.5 | 72.8 | 152.7 | 160.8 |
| golimumab | 11.36 | 11.09 | 12.75 | 11.10 | 22.97 | 7.79 | 0.00 | 356.24 | 2.71 | 7.41 | 0.23 | 0.20 | 11.23 | 9.48 | 70.0 | 70.0 | 163.2 | 164.9 |
| guselkumab | 11.40 | 10.81 | 9.20 | 9.86 | 3.37 | 8.10 | 700.00 | 430.60 | 5.87 | 6.48 | 0.47 | 0.21 | 10.11 | 9.75 | 69.5 | 74.0 | 167.3 | 159.2 |
| ibalizumab | 10.24 | 10.73 | 9.77 | 10.33 | -0.34 | 4.71 | 800.00 | 703.87 | 1.13 | 1.95 | 0.00 | 0.12 | 8.66 | 9.00 | 72.0 | 72.8 | 133.3 | 129.4 |
| imgatuzumab | 10.09 | 9.70 | 8.90 | 9.63 | 0.89 | 8.53 | 800.00 | 722.13 | 11.77 | 5.51 | 0.00 | 0.22 | 8.99 | 9.53 | 71.5 | 71.5 | 187.7 | 144.6 |
| infliximab | 10.36 | 11.74 | 8.89 | 10.23 | 29.65 | 5.21 | 0.00 | 564.70 | 1.37 | 4.99 | 0.00 | 0.05 | 9.01 | 9.20 | 64.5 | 66.7 | 6.6 | 104.8 |
| inotuzumab | 9.72 | 10.67 | 9.05 | 10.16 | 4.03 | 8.18 | 800.00 | 599.43 | 5.40 | 5.42 | 0.25 | 0.21 | 9.29 | 9.23 | 83.0 | 72.8 | 169.8 | 116.1 |
| ipilimumab | 11.57 | 10.44 | 12.98 | 9.94 | 10.41 | 7.61 | 400.00 | 555.64 | 1.69 | 2.67 | 0.23 | 0.20 | 10.94 | 9.62 | 73.0 | 70.7 | 169.6 | 156.1 |
| ixekizumab | 10.94 | 12.09 | 9.08 | 10.33 | 19.95 | 6.61 | 500.00 | 516.65 | 10.40 | 7.67 | 0.81 | 0.13 | 9.64 | 9.25 | 83.0 | 73.1 | 97.3 | 100.7 |
| lampalizumab | 9.25 | 9.22 | 8.77 | 8.51 | 0.49 | 3.45 | 800.00 | 1212.51 | 1.34 | -3.35 | 0.00 | -0.03 | 8.46 | 8.20 | 67.0 | 71.1 | 187.1 | 296.1 |
| lebrikizumab | 12.38 | 9.73 | 15.71 | 8.86 | 0.26 | 5.93 | 500.00 | 812.87 | 1.46 | 3.74 | 0.00 | 0.07 | 9.07 | 9.31 | 66.0 | 74.0 | 61.6 | 153.2 |
| lenzilumab | 8.72 | 8.62 | 8.61 | 8.88 | 29.65 | 8.78 | 0.00 | 652.27 | 19.60 | 7.97 | 0.66 | 0.24 | 10.12 | 9.35 | 74.0 | 71.0 | 184.7 | 146.4 |
| lintuzumab | 10.87 | 10.34 | 9.43 | 10.15 | 0.89 | 6.10 | 700.00 | 628.30 | 1.25 | 3.80 | 0.00 | 0.12 | 8.93 | 8.69 | 75.5 | 71.8 | 230.0 | 185.9 |
| lirilumab | 25.00 | 11.58 | 25.00 | 11.89 | 21.00 | 6.09 | 300.00 | 535.09 | 3.55 | 2.97 | 0.18 | 0.11 | 10.56 | 9.24 | 70.0 | 68.8 | 270.5 | 172.4 |
| lumiliximab | 9.54 | 10.02 | 8.78 | 9.41 | 1.44 | 7.42 | 800.00 | 643.67 | 2.22 | 2.63 | 0.14 | 0.17 | 8.81 | 9.18 | 64.5 | 71.6 | 86.3 | 129.7 |
| matuzumab | 9.84 | 9.82 | 8.83 | 9.73 | -0.93 | 6.98 | 900.00 | 670.48 | 1.03 | 1.69 | 0.00 | 0.11 | 8.63 | 9.11 | 72.0 | 71.4 | 224.3 | 179.4 |
| mavrilimumab | 10.30 | 10.39 | 8.67 | 9.40 | -0.78 | -0.47 | 700.00 | 549.92 | 2.16 | 7.00 | 0.00 | -0.07 | 8.50 | 8.36 | 68.5 | 71.0 | 150.5 | 148.3 |
| mepolizumab | 9.24 | 10.49 | 8.82 | 9.98 | -0.96 | 7.88 | 900.00 | 662.31 | 1.05 | 4.22 | 0.00 | 0.18 | 8.41 | 9.12 | 78.5 | 76.5 | 221.5 | 81.3 |
| mogamulizumab | 9.64 | 11.19 | 8.82 | 10.69 | -0.51 | 7.36 | 800.00 | 544.31 | 2.17 | 3.89 | 0.00 | 0.15 | 8.63 | 9.34 | 68.5 | 72.4 | 89.8 | 135.0 |
| motavizumab | 9.69 | 9.52 | 8.82 | 9.72 | 2.52 | 6.26 | 800.00 | 753.91 | 5.36 | 3.68 | 0.00 | 0.15 | 8.66 | 8.90 | 86.0 | 73.5 | 133.6 | 140.0 |
| muromonab | 8.90 | 9.19 | 8.58 | 9.20 | 2.31 | 8.06 | 1000.00 | 809.52 | 3.94 | 5.18 | 0.18 | 0.19 | 9.05 | 8.85 | 74.5 | 67.0 | 113.5 | 140.4 |
| natalizumab | 9.70 | 10.22 | 8.84 | 10.51 | 0.82 | 7.37 | 900.00 | 727.09 | 1.52 | 3.89 | 0.00 | 0.17 | 8.76 | 9.14 | 79.5 | 71.8 | 251.7 | 166.9 |
| necitumumab | 10.81 | 11.07 | 9.90 | 10.63 | 1.30 | 7.09 | 600.00 | 583.00 | 1.31 | 2.83 | 0.00 | 0.14 | 8.77 | 9.15 | 76.5 | 69.9 | 198.6 | 155.6 |
| nimotuzumab | 25.00 | 10.70 | 8.88 | 10.08 | -0.59 | 7.06 | 900.00 | 666.15 | 3.42 | 6.66 | 0.00 | 0.16 | 8.46 | 8.68 | 65.5 | 69.2 | 15.1 | 111.3 |
| nivolumab | 9.02 | 8.95 | 8.65 | 9.29 | 2.42 | 7.41 | 900.00 | 900.28 | 1.32 | 1.69 | 0.14 | 0.17 | 8.85 | 9.03 | 66.0 | 68.0 | 178.8 | 160.0 |
| obinutuzumab | 10.64 | 11.29 | 8.96 | 10.35 | 1.83 | 4.90 | 600.00 | 575.26 | 1.63 | 4.53 | 0.11 | 0.15 | 8.80 | 9.37 | 73.0 | 72.0 | 176.4 | 162.4 |
| ocrelizumab | 9.91 | 10.39 | 8.83 | 10.06 | 17.88 | 7.98 | 300.00 | 638.94 | 1.67 | 3.11 | 0.00 | 0.20 | 9.53 | 9.26 | 70.5 | 70.4 | 137.8 | 132.0 |
| ofatumumab | 9.73 | 10.66 | 9.52 | 10.11 | 1.21 | 7.25 | 800.00 | 610.70 | 1.18 | 3.95 | 0.00 | 0.13 | 9.25 | 9.18 | 68.0 | 69.0 | 249.8 | 165.6 |
| olaratumab | 10.61 | 10.82 | 8.96 | 11.02 | 0.31 | 7.70 | 700.00 | 659.91 | 2.58 | 4.58 | 0.48 | 0.17 | 9.42 | 9.20 | 62.5 | 72.6 | 141.9 | 143.9 |
| olokizumab | 9.91 | 9.76 | 8.97 | 9.74 | -0.50 | 5.54 | 700.00 | 664.67 | 1.23 | 4.16 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 8.75 | 9.17 | 69.0 | 69.3 | 115.3 | 158.2 |
| omalizumab | 9.52 | 10.30 | 8.74 | 9.50 | -0.44 | 4.90 | 800.00 | 831.05 | 1.17 | 4.22 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 8.54 | 8.65 | 77.5 | 74.2 | 150.4 | 176.2 |
| onartuzumab | 9.92 | 10.11 | 8.87 | 9.64 | -0.05 | 6.81 | 800.00 | 668.61 | 1.19 | 0.60 | 0.00 | 0.17 | 8.91 | 9.38 | 80.0 | 74.2 | 147.9 | 134.8 |
| otelixizumab | 9.08 | 9.28 | 8.72 | 9.35 | 4.44 | 7.72 | 1000.00 | 945.35 | 1.40 | -0.50 | 0.00 | 0.16 | 8.72 | 7.93 | 75.5 | 69.5 | 152.1 | 61.2 |
| otlertuzumab | 10.96 | 10.21 | 10.27 | 9.70 | 2.26 | 6.95 | 600.00 | 540.48 | 1.78 | 5.68 | 0.00 | 0.17 | 9.52 | 9.73 | 68.5 | 69.2 | 149.6 | 152.8 |
| ozanezumab | 10.03 | 10.04 | 8.63 | 9.18 | 27.69 | 8.14 | 0.00 | 615.85 | 4.45 | 3.03 | 0.77 | 0.18 | 9.05 | 9.36 | 67.0 | 71.4 | 97.1 | 196.1 |
| palivizumab | 9.33 | 9.22 | 8.71 | 9.33 | -0.85 | 6.18 | 900.00 | 840.85 | 2.88 | 5.41 | 0.00 | 0.17 | 8.49 | 8.94 | 79.5 | 73.2 | 243.1 | 143.7 |
| panitumumab | 9.48 | 11.02 | 8.80 | 10.33 | -1.08 | 5.77 | 900.00 | 659.77 | 1.18 | 1.50 | 0.00 | 0.06 | 8.42 | 9.06 | 78.5 | 72.9 | 179.6 | 165.2 |
| panobacumab | 9.83 | 9.59 | 8.85 | 8.66 | -0.42 | 7.73 | 900.00 | 925.66 | 1.90 | 4.47 | 0.00 | 0.18 | 8.99 | 8.83 | 69.0 | 72.8 | 107.6 | 139.2 |
| parsatuzumab | 9.11 | 10.47 | 8.78 | 10.38 | 7.40 | 5.35 | 900.00 | 587.06 | 17.40 | 5.62 | 0.13 | 0.09 | 8.65 | 8.90 | 64.5 | 68.9 | 40.0 | 147.0 |
| patritumab | 10.15 | 10.06 | 9.32 | 9.52 | 13.09 | 7.71 | 600.00 | 776.56 | 4.35 | 4.40 | 0.52 | 0.18 | 9.44 | 9.41 | 71.5 | 72.3 | 68.8 | 131.5 |
| pembrolizumab | 11.07 | 11.05 | 13.48 | 9.84 | 5.62 | 7.73 | 500.00 | 552.68 | 2.23 | 3.54 | 0.30 | 0.17 | 10.92 | 9.28 | 66.0 | 73.1 | 64.9 | 107.6 |
| pertuzumab | 10.11 | 10.62 | 8.91 | 9.96 | -0.20 | 7.07 | 700.00 | 659.71 | 1.69 | -0.49 | 0.00 | 0.13 | 8.60 | 8.84 | 78.5 | 75.5 | 31.4 | 136.4 |
| pinatuzumab | 9.22 | 10.03 | 8.83 | 9.78 | 0.59 | 6.47 | 800.00 | 659.56 | 2.49 | 5.15 | 0.01 | 0.15 | 8.77 | 9.25 | 79.0 | 70.1 | 130.6 | 140.5 |
| polatuzumab | 8.76 | 10.06 | 8.67 | 9.10 | -1.00 | 3.87 | 1000.00 | 896.40 | 3.62 | 4.05 | 0.00 | -0.03 | 8.26 | 8.56 | 74.0 | 69.9 | 225.1 | 197.2 |
| ponezumab | 10.50 | 10.89 | 9.00 | 9.94 | -0.24 | 7.85 | 800.00 | 610.77 | 6.62 | 6.41 | 0.07 | 0.17 | 8.68 | 9.15 | 61.0 | 74.3 | 17.0 | 139.0 |
| radretumab | 9.51 | 10.63 | 8.69 | 9.76 | 3.38 | 8.15 | 900.00 | 632.46 | 3.29 | 3.12 | 0.13 | 0.19 | 8.86 | 9.74 | 77.0 | 72.0 | 151.2 | 162.0 |
| ramucirumab | 9.43 | 9.65 | 8.71 | 9.69 | 0.02 | 7.80 | 900.00 | 861.44 | 1.25 | 0.51 | 0.00 | 0.18 | 8.58 | 9.01 | 66.0 | 69.8 | 90.7 | 155.5 |
| ranibizumab | 12.14 | 11.27 | 18.06 | 10.59 | 7.93 | 6.22 | 300.00 | 550.57 | 3.14 | 3.07 | 0.00 | 0.11 | 10.06 | 9.41 | 65.0 | 72.3 | 41.4 | 163.8 |
| reslizumab | 9.82 | 10.25 | 8.90 | 9.72 | 1.74 | 5.62 | 700.00 | 668.74 | 2.02 | 0.85 | 0.23 | 0.13 | 8.86 | 9.04 | 75.5 | 73.7 | 191.6 | 113.5 |
| rilotumumab | 12.63 | 10.48 | 17.68 | 10.72 | 2.13 | 7.91 | 500.00 | 497.00 | 2.37 | 2.58 | 0.16 | 0.19 | 10.39 | 9.35 | 79.0 | 73.1 | 173.1 | 169.5 |
| rituximab | 10.80 | 10.32 | 9.11 | 10.03 | 2.13 | 8.22 | 700.00 | 604.43 | 2.93 | 4.23 | 0.38 | 0.23 | 10.15 | 9.31 | 69.0 | 68.9 | 164.1 | 150.1 |
| robatumumab | 9.51 | 9.95 | 8.97 | 9.72 | 29.65 | 7.99 | 0.00 | 715.57 | 8.25 | 4.62 | 0.27 | 0.21 | 9.75 | 9.43 | 80.0 | 72.7 | 117.1 | 146.3 |
| romosozumab | 9.18 | 10.09 | 8.65 | 9.90 | -1.02 | 5.40 | 1000.00 | 779.21 | 1.47 | 1.81 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 8.43 | 8.88 | 76.0 | 70.0 | 227.7 | 186.4 |
| sarilumab | 8.99 | 8.50 | 8.69 | 8.65 | 1.11 | 6.00 | 900.00 | 887.80 | 2.17 | 0.47 | 0.00 | 0.04 | 8.71 | 8.13 | 64.0 | 70.8 | 181.8 | 138.6 |
| secukinumab | 11.39 | 12.05 | 8.91 | 11.73 | -0.58 | 5.47 | 800.00 | 475.03 | 1.69 | 5.38 | 0.00 | 0.09 | 8.36 | 9.16 | 72.0 | 71.1 | 149.0 | 142.5 |
| seribantumab | 10.42 | 11.44 | 9.00 | 10.58 | 21.21 | 8.24 | 300.00 | 558.61 | 2.97 | 6.83 | 0.00 | 0.20 | 9.79 | 9.49 | 77.5 | 75.1 | 190.0 | 152.9 |
| sifalimumab | 9.65 | 10.03 | 8.77 | 9.66 | 2.10 | 8.20 | 800.00 | 623.33 | 2.50 | 2.40 | 0.06 | 0.22 | 9.02 | 9.46 | 67.0 | 69.7 | 158.6 | 153.7 |
| siltuximab | 11.00 | 10.57 | 12.08 | 10.02 | 2.64 | 7.34 | 600.00 | 587.60 | 1.55 | 1.92 | 0.00 | 0.16 | 9.42 | 9.14 | 64.5 | 68.7 | 95.7 | 122.4 |
| simtuzumab | 10.41 | 10.30 | 9.57 | 9.46 | 0.88 | 7.67 | 800.00 | 642.33 | 10.41 | 6.36 | 0.34 | 0.17 | 9.10 | 9.29 | 66.5 | 68.7 | 191.4 | 192.8 |
| sirukumab | 11.26 | 10.95 | 10.76 | 10.05 | 29.65 | 6.60 | 0.00 | 586.25 | 9.66 | 5.23 | 0.36 | 0.11 | 10.79 | 9.38 | 68.0 | 68.2 | 109.8 | 155.4 |
| tabalumab | 10.85 | 11.02 | 9.87 | 10.58 | 1.96 | 8.12 | 700.00 | 722.22 | 3.68 | 4.67 | 0.00 | 0.20 | 9.13 | 9.41 | 64.0 | 70.7 | 121.6 | 168.4 |
| tanezumab | 12.39 | 11.10 | 10.69 | 10.37 | 2.17 | 6.61 | 700.00 | 601.83 | 4.83 | 4.74 | 0.23 | 0.16 | 9.25 | 9.53 | 75.5 | 76.0 | 48.9 | 143.8 |
| teplizumab | 8.79 | 8.77 | 8.65 | 9.35 | 11.17 | 8.14 | 1000.00 | 851.00 | 3.84 | 4.23 | 0.31 | 0.20 | 9.36 | 8.36 | 64.5 | 67.6 | 150.9 | 133.5 |
| tigatuzumab | 10.02 | 10.08 | 8.73 | 9.70 | 5.49 | 8.18 | 700.00 | 805.62 | 1.70 | 5.41 | 0.13 | 0.20 | 8.70 | 9.50 | 64.5 | 71.1 | 179.0 | 163.0 |
| tildrakizumab | 11.08 | 11.07 | 9.87 | 10.40 | 0.81 | 7.34 | 600.00 | 554.25 | 1.77 | 3.06 | 0.00 | 0.18 | 8.73 | 9.48 | 77.5 | 71.0 | 181.9 | 109.5 |
| tocilizumab | 9.09 | 10.30 | 8.78 | 10.57 | 1.32 | 8.41 | 900.00 | 663.17 | 2.81 | 2.26 | 0.00 | 0.21 | 8.90 | 9.23 | 91.5 | 75.8 | 139.6 | 134.8 |
| tovetumab | 8.67 | 9.56 | 8.63 | 9.60 | 2.25 | 8.30 | 900.00 | 663.32 | 2.95 | 6.09 | 0.00 | 0.20 | 8.81 | 9.29 | 63.5 | 69.9 | 277.2 | 125.2 |
| tralokinumab | 10.26 | 9.68 | 8.99 | 9.52 | 4.81 | 6.85 | 800.00 | 544.83 | 2.32 | 4.14 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 8.80 | 9.69 | 63.0 | 68.9 | 121.4 | 159.5 |
| trastuzumab | 9.66 | 10.37 | 8.75 | 10.36 | 2.04 | 7.89 | 800.00 | 531.07 | 1.34 | 3.00 | 0.00 | 0.17 | 8.84 | 9.89 | 78.5 | 75.9 | 159.5 | 145.8 |
| tremelimumab | 11.56 | 11.11 | 19.32 | 11.01 | 29.65 | 7.37 | 0.00 | 512.14 | 1.97 | 5.85 | 0.15 | 0.19 | 11.24 | 9.50 | 75.0 | 69.3 | 229.6 | 160.3 |
| urelumab | 11.16 | 11.12 | 12.98 | 10.70 | 29.65 | 6.36 | 0.00 | 622.04 | 1.53 | 3.79 | 0.00 | 0.12 | 9.37 | 9.49 | 66.0 | 73.5 | 143.9 | 163.5 |
| ustekinumab | 8.78 | 9.47 | 8.64 | 8.68 | 0.42 | 6.80 | 1000.00 | 695.35 | 5.07 | 12.95 | 0.15 | 0.20 | 8.63 | 9.21 | 69.5 | 70.4 | 152.7 | 134.7 |
| vedolizumab | 10.94 | 10.19 | 12.31 | 9.71 | 0.39 | 4.62 | 600.00 | 633.02 | 1.58 | 3.02 | 0.00 | 0.12 | 8.99 | 9.26 | 80.5 | 72.5 | 221.8 | 148.2 |
| veltuzumab | 11.09 | 10.70 | 9.72 | 10.20 | 4.83 | 6.60 | 700.00 | 572.93 | 1.21 | 0.11 | 0.00 | 0.15 | 8.79 | 8.81 | 70.0 | 72.6 | 225.0 | 121.8 |
| visilizumab | 9.01 | 9.24 | 8.70 | 9.88 | 21.99 | 8.31 | 0.00 | 668.46 | 4.80 | 4.97 | 0.42 | 0.21 | 9.15 | 9.36 | 71.0 | 69.9 | 242.0 | 179.9 |
| zalutumumab | 9.34 | 9.39 | 8.74 | 10.08 | -0.80 | 5.24 | 900.00 | 918.83 | 2.90 | 2.81 | 0.00 | 0.12 | 8.41 | 8.80 | 72.5 | 69.5 | 200.5 | 168.4 |
| zanolimumab | 9.59 | 9.76 | 8.77 | 9.30 | 1.46 | 7.89 | 700.00 | 828.68 | 1.46 | 1.07 | 0.13 | 0.19 | 8.61 | 9.51 | 80.5 | 72.2 | 116.4 | 168.5 |
Actual vs. Predicted High-Concentration Viscosity (150 mg/mL, N=44)
The table below details experimental cone-and-plate viscosity measurements at \(150\text{ mg/mL}\) (Act) alongside leave-one-out cross-validated predictions (Pred With Struct and Pred Seq Only) across all 44 clinical therapeutic antibodies from the Tomar et al. (2016) and Sharma et al. (2014) reference datasets.
Predictions are color-coded using the standardized absolute error normalized by the assay standard deviation (\(\sigma_{\text{viscosity}} = 23.05\text{ cP}\)):
- Close Agreement: \(\text{Normalized Error} \le 0.5\,\sigma\) (\(|\text{Error}| \le 11.5\text{ cP}\))
- Moderate Deviation: \(0.5\,\sigma < \text{Normalized Error} \le 1.0\,\sigma\) (\(11.5\text{ cP} < |\text{Error}| \le 23.0\text{ cP}\))
- Outlier / High Deviation: \(\text{Normalized Error} > 1.0\,\sigma\) (\(|\text{Error}| > 23.0\text{ cP}\))
| Antibody | Actual (cP) | Actual Risk | Pred With Struct (cP) | Pred Seq Only (cP) | Predicted Risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| adalimumab | 4.2 | Low Risk | 12.1 | 7.6 | Low Risk |
| bavituximab | 12.8 | Low Risk | 9.6 | 10.2 | Low Risk |
| bevacizumab | 7.5 | Low Risk | 18.7 | 21.2 | Moderate |
| briakinumab | 85.0 | High Liability | 20.8 | 22.5 | Moderate |
| cetuximab | 5.8 | Low Risk | 5.5 | 8.5 | Low Risk |
| daratumumab | 14.5 | Low Risk | 22.4 | 24.4 | Moderate |
| denosumab | 9.2 | Low Risk | 7.3 | 9.8 | Low Risk |
| dupilumab | 16.0 | Moderate | 32.2 | 32.9 | High Liability |
| eculizumab | 8.1 | Low Risk | 17.6 | 18.1 | Moderate |
| efalizumab | 6.4 | Low Risk | 24.0 | 22.2 | Moderate |
| elotuzumab | 11.2 | Low Risk | 19.6 | 20.3 | Moderate |
| evolocumab | 18.5 | Moderate | 13.8 | 17.3 | Low Risk |
| golimumab | 14.2 | Low Risk | 29.3 | 30.8 | High Liability |
| guselkumab | 12.0 | Low Risk | 21.5 | 23.1 | Moderate |
| infliximab | 115.0 | High Liability | 25.5 | 25.4 | High Liability |
| ixekizumab | 38.0 | High Liability | 39.9 | 36.1 | High Liability |
| lebrikizumab | 26.5 | High Liability | 24.5 | 17.7 | Moderate |
| matuzumab | 6.1 | Low Risk | 17.8 | 17.4 | Moderate |
| mepolizumab | 8.9 | Low Risk | 12.8 | 13.8 | Low Risk |
| motavizumab | 98.0 | High Liability | 21.5 | 20.1 | Moderate |
| natalizumab | 15.2 | Moderate | 18.6 | 19.5 | Moderate |
| necitumumab | 9.5 | Low Risk | 15.4 | 18.2 | Moderate |
| nivolumab | 7.8 | Low Risk | 18.1 | 13.2 | Moderate |
| obinutuzumab | 12.3 | Low Risk | 37.4 | 35.2 | High Liability |
| ocrelizumab | 6.8 | Low Risk | 17.3 | 19.5 | Moderate |
| ofatumumab | 10.5 | Low Risk | 8.2 | 11.4 | Low Risk |
| omalizumab | 18.0 | Moderate | 23.3 | 12.5 | Moderate |
| palivizumab | 7.2 | Low Risk | 20.7 | 16.0 | Moderate |
| panitumumab | 13.6 | Low Risk | 11.0 | 13.2 | Low Risk |
| pembrolizumab | 8.4 | Low Risk | 24.1 | 22.0 | Moderate |
| pertuzumab | 11.0 | Low Risk | 7.8 | 10.3 | Low Risk |
| ranibizumab | 5.2 | Low Risk | 19.1 | 21.4 | Moderate |
| reslizumab | 7.9 | Low Risk | 7.6 | 9.6 | Low Risk |
| rituximab | 9.1 | Low Risk | 17.0 | 19.1 | Moderate |
| sarilumab | 14.0 | Low Risk | 3.3 | 0.0 | Low Risk |
| secukinumab | 16.5 | Moderate | 23.6 | 25.0 | Moderate |
| siltuximab | 10.2 | Low Risk | 9.9 | 11.4 | Low Risk |
| sirukumab | 13.8 | Low Risk | 23.8 | 26.5 | Moderate |
| tocilizumab | 9.4 | Low Risk | 9.2 | 11.8 | Low Risk |
| trastuzumab | 6.5 | Low Risk | 7.6 | 8.9 | Low Risk |
| tremelimumab | 22.4 | Moderate | 22.1 | 23.8 | Moderate |
| ustekinumab | 11.6 | Low Risk | 21.7 | 24.2 | Moderate |
| vedolizumab | 15.0 | Low Risk | 19.1 | 18.4 | Moderate |
| zalutumumab | 8.2 | Low Risk | 11.5 | 5.1 | Low Risk |
Independent Zero-Shot Generalization: Ginkgo GDPa1 Benchmark (\(N=246\))
To test true out-of-distribution generalization without retraining, domain adaptation, or parameter fitting, AbLead's developability predictors were evaluated zero-shot against the 2025 Ginkgo Datapoints GDPa1 dataset (Arsiwala et al., mAbs, 2025), comprising \(N=246\) clinical and pre-clinical therapeutic antibodies assayed under automated high-throughput conditions:
| Biophysical Assay | Matching GDPa1 Assay | N | Zero-Shot Spearman ρ | p-value | Zero-Shot Pearson r | Liability ROC-AUC (>90th %ile) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hydrophobicity (HIC) | HIC Retention Time | 242 | +0.468 | \(1.51 \times 10^{-14}\) | +0.387 | 0.724 |
| Self-Association (AC-SINS) | AC-SINS \(\Delta\lambda_\text{max}\) (pH 7.4) | 242 | +0.426 | \(4.29 \times 10^{-12}\) | +0.377 | 0.784 |
| Colloidal Stability (SMAC) | SMAC Retention Time | 242 | +0.381 | \(8.53 \times 10^{-10}\) | +0.207 | 0.716 |
| Polyreactivity (PSR Score) | Polyreactivity (Ova ELISA) | 197 | +0.525 | \(2.33 \times 10^{-15}\) | +0.438 | 0.804 |
| Polyreactivity (PSR Score) | Polyreactivity (CHO ELISA) | 197 | +0.349 | \(5.14 \times 10^{-7}\) | +0.290 | 0.615 |
| Polyreactivity (BVP Score) | Polyreactivity (Ova ELISA) | 197 | +0.376 | \(5.13 \times 10^{-8}\) | +0.260 | 0.654 |
| Expression Titer | HEK Titer | 239 | +0.027 | 0.681 | -0.030 | 0.572 |
| Thermostability (\(T_m\)) | DSF \(T_{m1}\) | 234 | +0.031 | 0.637 | +0.064 | 0.544 |
[!NOTE] Sequence-Only DeepSP Evaluation: All GDPa1 zero-shot predictions shown above were evaluated strictly using the Sequence-Only Model Pipeline (leveraging DeepSP convolutional spatial descriptors, language models, loop lengths, and electrostatics). Physical 3D structural homology modeling and structure-derived surface patch solvation potentials (
SPH,SPP,SPN,SPCD) were not used.Attribution & Non-Commercial Compliance Notice:
Zero-shot benchmark evaluation data is referenced from Arsiwala, A., et al., "A high-throughput platform for biophysical antibody developability assessment to enable AI/ML model training," mAbs 17, no. 1 (2025): 2593055 (DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2025.2593055), used under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). AbLead model weights were not trained or parameterized on this dataset; GDPa1 serves exclusively as an independent, zero-shot external literature evaluation benchmark.